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What Increases the Risk of Liver Cancer?

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Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma an umbrella review of systematic DOI 10.108007853890.2025.2455539

Liver cancer, also called hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), has many risk factors. A new study looked at over 100 known risks and ranked them based on how strong the evidence is. Some risks are clear and proven.

Hepatitis B and C infections are the top risks. Hepatitis B increases liver cancer risk by 12.5 times. Hepatitis C increases it by 11.2 times. People who get treated for these infections have a lower risk. But if someone has both viruses or high levels of infection, the risk goes up even more.

Other risks include smoking, obesity, diabetes, fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and liver infections from parasites like liver flukes. Older people and men also have a higher risk. Low platelet levels and high liver enzymes in the blood can be warning signs too.

The study also looked at how lifestyle and medicines affect liver cancer risk. Coffee, a healthy diet, and weight-loss surgery can reduce risk. Some medicines like metformin (used for diabetes), GLP-1 drugs, aspirin, statins (for cholesterol), and antidepressants called SSRIs may also help lower the risk.

Drugs that reduce stomach acid—like proton pump inhibitors—might raise the risk of liver cancer if used long-term.

Stopping smoking and avoiding alcohol can help protect the liver. People with liver disease or hepatitis should talk to their doctor about ways to reduce their risk.

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Dr Harsh Shah - GI & HPB Oncosurgeon in Ahmeadbad
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