Rectal Cancer Updates
Key Risk Factors for Recurrence After Rectal Cancer Surgery Insights from a Nationwide Study
Key Risk Factors for Recurrence After Rectal Cancer Surgery Insights from a Nationwide Study
June 12, 2024
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Maulana Azad Medical College, Delhi, GB Pant Hospital, Delhi
Holds the highest degrees in Oncology - DrNB, MCh
Having 15+ years of experience in treating
11750+ Patients have been successfully
treated
15+ years of work experience as a liver cancer specialist
22+ Awards received by Dr. Shah for his achievements
Rectal cancer is a kind of cancer that begins in the cells of the rectum. The rectum is the end part of the large intestine, right above the anus. Usually, it starts with unusual growths known as polyps, which can turn into cancer after a while.
Symptoms of Rectal Cancer:
Rectal cancer is typically staged using the TNM system, which stands for tumor, lymph nodes, and metastasis. The stages of rectal cancer are as follows:
Stage 0 (Carcinoma in Situ): In this earliest stage, abnormal cells are found in the innermost lining of the rectum. These cells may become cancerous and spread into nearby normal tissue.
Stage I: Cancer has formed and spread beyond the innermost tissue layer of the rectum to the second and third layers and involves the inside wall of the rectum, but it hasn’t spread to the outer wall of the rectum or outside the rectum.
Stage II: This stage is divided into subcategories (IIA, IIB, IIC), depending on how deeply the cancer has spread into the wall of the rectum or through the rectum to nearby tissues.
• Stage IIA: Cancer has spread to the outer layer of the rectum but not to nearby organs.
• Stage IIB: Cancer has spread through the outer layer and into nearby tissues or organs.
• Stage IIC: Cancer has spread through the rectum wall and into nearby structures or organs.
Stage III: Also divided into subcategories (IIIA, IIIB, IIIC), this stage indicates that cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes but not to distant parts of the body.
Stage IV: This is the most advanced stage of rectal cancer. It is divided into two subcategories, IVA and IVB, depending on how far the cancer has spread.
• Stage IVA: Cancer has spread to one distant site, such as the liver or lungs.
• Stage IVB: Cancer has spread to more than one distant site.
Staging for rectal cancer are as follows:
Treatment options for rectal cancer:
Surgery: Surgery is often the main treatment for colon cancer. It involves taking out the tumor and nearby lymph nodes. How much surgery is needed depends on how advanced and where the cancer is.
Chemotherapy: This treatment uses special drugs to kill or stop the growth of cancer cells. It can be given before or after surgery to get rid of any leftover cancer cells or to lower the chance of the cancer coming back.
Radiotherapy for rectal cancer: This treatment uses powerful radiation beams to kill cancer cells in the rectum. It’s often used together with surgery and chemotherapy to get better results.
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Robotic surgery has transformed the way rectal cancer is treated, giving surgeons better accuracy, control, and the ability to see more clearly. Here are some common types of robotic surgeries used for treating rectal cancer:
Robot-Assisted Low Anterior Resection (LAR): In this surgery, the part of the rectum with cancer is removed but the muscles controlling bowel movements are saved.
Robot-Assisted Abdominoperineal Resection (APR): APR is done when the cancer is very close to the anus, requiring the removal of the anus and making a permanent opening for stool to leave the body (colostomy).
Transanal Total Mesorectal Excision (TaTME): TaTME uses the benefits of surgery through the anus and robotic help. It accesses the rectum from the anus and uses a robot to perform the surgery.
Robotic Intersphincteric Resection: If cancer affects part of the anal sphincter muscle, only that part is removed along with the cancer.
Single-Incision Robotic Surgery: This method uses one cut, often at the belly button, to perform the whole rectal cancer surgery.
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