Dr Harsh Shah

How Long Should Immunotherapy Be Stopped Before Liver Transplant?

November 27, 2025 by Dr Harsh Shah Leave a Comment

How Long Should Immunotherapy Be Stopped Before Liver Transplant?

You are here >> Home > Latest Updates > Liver Cancer Updates > How Long…

Some people with advanced liver cancer (HCC) are treated with immunotherapy, known as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). These medicines help the body fight cancer. But if a liver transplant is needed later, doctors worry that immunotherapy might make the body reject the new liver.

This study looked at 119 people who had ICIs before getting a liver transplant. About 1 in 5 of them had problems with rejection after surgery. Most of these problems happened around 9 days after the transplant.

The timing between the last dose of immunotherapy and the transplant—called the washout period—made a big difference:

⦿ If the washout was less than 30 days, the risk of rejection was very high.

⦿ If the washout was 30 to 50 days, the risk was still high, but lower.

⦿ If the washout was more than 50 days, the risk was lowest.

People who waited more than 50 days had a much safer transplant and the same chance of staying cancer-free afterward.

If you’re on immunotherapy and planning for a liver transplant, talk with your doctor about the timing. Waiting at least 50 days after your last immunotherapy dose may help protect your new liver.

DOI: 10.1097/HEP.0000000000001289

Understanding Colorectal Cancer Risk in People With Ulcerative Colitis

November 24, 2025 by Dr Harsh Shah Leave a Comment

Understanding Colorectal Cancer Risk in People With Ulcerative Colitis

You are here >> Home > Latest Updates > Ulcerative Colitis Updates > Understanding Colorectal…

People with ulcerative colitis (UC) have a higher risk of developing colorectal cancer. A new study looked at whether the shape of the tumor—what doctors see during an exam—can give clues about how serious the cancer might be.

Researchers reviewed data from 480 patients in Japan who had UC-related colon cancer. They grouped the tumors into six different shapes, called types 0 to 5, based on how they looked during exams and surgery.

Some tumor types were linked to worse outcomes. People with type 4 or 5 tumors were often younger but had more aggressive cancer. These tumors were more likely to spread to lymph nodes and grow deeper into the body. People with type 0, 4, or 5 tumors had a higher risk of cancer coming back or leading to death within 5 years.

This means that just looking at the shape of a tumor might help doctors predict how dangerous it is. It can also guide decisions about treatment and follow-up.

If you have ulcerative colitis, regular screening with colonoscopy is important. If cancer is found, knowing the tumor’s type may help your care team plan the best next steps.

DOI: 10.1007/s00384-025-05001-w

CT Scan (Computed Tomography Scan): Uses, Risks & Benefits

November 22, 2025 by Dr Harsh Shah Leave a Comment

CT Scan (Computed Tomography Scan)

Uses, Risks & Benefits

You are here >> Home > Blog > Cancer > Cancer Diagnosis > Diagnosis English > CT Scan

Has your doctor ever recommended a Computed Tomography (CT) Scan and you felt a little nervous or confused? You are not alone. Many people hear these medical terms and immediately start worrying. What is this machine? Is it safe? What will they find?

This guide is here to answer all your questions in simple, easy-to-understand language. We will walk you through everything, from what a CT Scan is to how much it costs in India. By the end of this article, you will feel confident and well-informed about this incredibly useful medical test. This technology is a cornerstone of modern diagnostics, providing doctors with a clear view inside your body.

Let’s demystify the CT Scan together and understand why it is such a powerful tool for your health.

Summary

A CT (Computed Tomography) scan is a common, painless test that combines X-rays and computer technology to create detailed pictures of the body. It helps doctors see inside without surgery.

CT scans take multiple X-ray images from different angles and combine them to form cross-sectional views of bones, blood vessels, and soft tissues — like slicing a loaf of bread to see each layer.

CT scans help diagnose internal injuries, infections, tumors, or conditions like heart disease. They’re fast, accurate, and often used in emergencies for quick answers.

You may lie still on a table that moves through a donut-shaped scanner. The process is quick and painless. Sometimes, a contrast dye is used to highlight certain areas better.

What Is a CT Scan?

Understanding the basics of a Computed Tomography (CT) Scan is the first step to feeling comfortable with the procedure. It’s a common and very helpful diagnostic tool that doctors use to see what’s happening inside your body without performing surgery.

The development of CT technology began in the late 1960s, with British engineer Sir Godfrey Hounsfield and physicist Allan Cormack pioneering the first CT scanner. Their groundbreaking work earned them the Nobel Prize in 1979. Over time, CT imaging evolved from slow single-slice scanners to today’s ultra-fast, multi-slice machines that deliver high-resolution 3D images within seconds. It remains one of the most vital diagnostic innovations in modern medicine.

The full form of CT is Computed Tomography. Sometimes, you might also hear it called a computerized axial tomography ct scan.

So, what is a computed tomography scan? In simple terms, it is an advanced form of X-ray. While a regular X-ray takes a single flat picture, a CT Scan uses a computer and a series of rotating X-ray machines to create detailed, cross-sectional images of your body. Think of it like looking at one slice of bread from a whole loaf. This allows doctors to see your bones, organs, and soft tissues with great clarity.

The way a Computed Tomography (CT) Scan works is quite brilliant. You lie on a flat bed that slowly moves through the center of a large, donut-shaped machine. Inside this machine, an X-ray source rotates around you.

For every full rotation, the machine takes hundreds of pictures from different angles. This process uses computed tomography x ray technology. A powerful computer then takes all these individual “slice” images and puts them together to create a detailed 3D model of the area being examined. This gives your doctor a much more complete view than a standard X-ray ever could.

People often confuse a CT Scan with an MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) scan. While both are used to see inside the body, they use different technologies and are better for different things. A CT scan uses X-rays, while an MRI uses powerful magnets and radio waves.

Comparison of CT Scan and MRI (screen-reader caption)
Feature	Computed Tomography (CT) Scan	Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
How It Works	Uses multiple X-rays to create cross-sectional images.	Uses strong magnets and radio waves to create detailed images.
Best For	Excellent for imaging bones, detecting cancers, chest and lung issues, and emergency situations (like after an accident) because it's very fast.	Superior for examining soft tissues like the brain, spinal cord, ligaments, and muscles.
Speed	Very fast; the scan itself often takes less than a minute.	Slower; can take 30 to 60 minutes or more.
Radiation	Involves a small, controlled dose of ionizing radiation.	No radiation is used.
Noise Level	Makes a whirring or humming sound.	Very loud; patients are often given earplugs or headphones.

Types of CT Scans

A Computed Tomography (CT) Scan is not a one-size-fits-all test. Depending on what your doctor needs to see, they will order a specific type of scan. Here are some of the most common types.

Head and Brain CT Scan: This scan is used to look at the brain and skull. It’s often done after a head injury to check for bleeding or fractures. It can also detect brain tumors, blood clots, or strokes. The computed tomography ct or cat scan of the brain is a critical tool in neurology. The ct computed tomography scan psychology definition relates to its ability to identify structural brain abnormalities that may be linked to certain psychological or neurological conditions.

Chest and Lung CT Scan: A chest CT Scan provides a detailed view of the lungs, heart, and major blood vessels. Doctors use it to diagnose conditions like pneumonia, lung cancer, tuberculosis, and blockages in the lung’s arteries (pulmonary embolism).

Abdominal and Pelvic CT Scan: This type of scan examines the organs in your belly and pelvic area, including the liver, spleen, kidneys, pancreas, and intestines. It is very useful for finding the cause of abdominal pain, detecting tumors, and checking for infections or inflammation like appendicitis.

Spine and Bone CT Scan: When a doctor needs a highly detailed look at the bones, especially the small bones of the spine, a CT Scan is often the best choice. It can clearly show fractures, herniated discs (slipped discs), and other spinal problems that might be causing back pain.

Cardiac(Heart) CT Scan: A cardiac computed tomography ct scan is a special type used to examine the heart and its blood vessels (the coronary arteries). It can help doctors check for calcium buildup in the arteries, which is a sign of heart disease, or look for other problems with the heart’s structure.

CT Angiography(with Contrast): This is a specific type of CT Scan used to visualize blood vessels throughout the body. A special dye (contrast material) is injected into your veins, which makes the arteries and veins stand out clearly on the images. It is used to detect aneurysms (bulges in blood vessels) or blockages.

When Is a CT Scan Recommended?

A doctor might recommend a Computed Tomography (CT) Scan for many different reasons. It’s a versatile tool that helps in diagnosis, treatment planning, and monitoring of various medical conditions. The computed tomography uses are vast and varied.

In an emergency, time is critical. After a serious accident, like a car crash or a major fall, doctors need to quickly find out the extent of internal injuries. A CT Scan is perfect for this because it’s fast and can show injuries to the head, chest, abdomen, and bones all at once.

One of the most important uses of a CT scan is in oncology (the study of cancer). A CT Scan can help doctors:

⦿ Find a tumor and determine its exact size and location.
⦿ See if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
⦿ Guide a biopsy (where a small tissue sample is taken).
⦿ Monitor if a cancer treatment is working.

This is what are ct scans used to find in many cancer-related cases.

If you have unexplained pain in your abdomen or chest, a CT Scan can help pinpoint the cause. It can reveal abscesses (pockets of infection), inflammation in organs like the pancreas or appendix, or kidney stones, providing your doctor with the information needed for proper treatment.

Before a complex surgery, surgeons need a detailed map of the area they will be operating on. A CT Scan provides this roadmap. It shows the surgeon the exact anatomy, the location of tumors or blood vessels, and helps them plan the safest and most effective approach for the operation.

CT Scan Procedure: What to Expect

Knowing what will happen during your scan can help reduce any anxiety you might be feeling. The question of what are ct scans like is very common, and the process is actually quite simple and straightforward.

⦿ Check-in: You will arrive at the hospital or diagnostic center and register. You may be asked to fill out a consent form.

⦿ Preparation: A technician (radiographer) will explain the procedure. You may need to change into a hospital gown and remove any metal objects like jewelry, glasses, or dentures, as they can interfere with the images.

⦿ Positioning: You will be asked to lie down on a narrow, motorized table. The technician will help you get into the correct position. They may use pillows or straps to help you stay still and comfortable.

⦿ The Scan: The table will slowly slide into the center of the large, donut-shaped CT scanner. The scanner will begin to rotate around you, making whirring sounds. You will be alone in the room, but the technician can see, hear, and speak to you through an intercom at all times.

⦿ Holding Your Breath: For scans of the chest or abdomen, you may be asked to hold your breath for a few seconds at a time. This prevents motion and ensures the images are clear.

⦿ Finishing Up: Once the scan is complete, the table will slide out of the scanner. The technician will help you up, and you can change back into your clothes.

Many people ask, are ct scans fast? The answer is yes, very fast! The actual scanning process for a CT Scan is surprisingly quick, often lasting less than a minute. However, the entire appointment may take anywhere from 30 to 60 minutes. This includes the time needed for registration, preparation, positioning on the table, and any contrast dye administration if required.

For your CT Scan, it’s best to wear loose, comfortable clothing without any metal zippers, buttons, or buckles. Things like track pants and a simple t-shirt are ideal. You will likely be asked to remove any jewelry, hearing aids, and glasses. Following the specific preparation instructions given by your doctor or the scanning center is very important for a successful scan.

This table provides a simple checklist to help you prepare for your appointment.

CT scan preparation instructions (screen-reader caption)
Preparation Step	Details
Follow Fasting Instructions	If you are having a scan with contrast, food or drink can interfere with the results or cause nausea. Follow instructions precisely.
Remove All Metal	Metal objects (jewelry, hairpins, zippers, glasses) can create artifacts (white streaks) on the CT images, making them difficult to read.
Inform Doctor of Allergies	If you have any known allergies, especially to iodine or shellfish, you must tell your doctor, as this relates to the contrast dye.
List Your Medications	Provide a full list of your current medications to your doctor and the technician, especially if you have diabetes or kidney problems.
Arrange for a Drive Home (If Sedated)	In rare cases, if you are very anxious, you might be given a mild sedative. If so, you will not be able to drive yourself home.

Role of Advanced Imaging in Cancer Detection

One of the most important uses of advanced medical imaging is in the field of oncology, which is the study and treatment of cancer. It is a powerful tool that helps doctors in many ways, from the initial diagnosis to monitoring the treatment’s success.

This type of detailed scan is excellent at finding tumors in the body. Because it creates such detailed cross-sectional images, it can show doctors the exact location, size, and shape of a suspected tumor. This helps them understand if a lump is a simple cyst or a more serious solid tumor.

Furthermore, this imaging is crucial for detecting metastasis, which means the cancer has spread from where it started to other parts of the body. For example, a scan of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis can check if a cancer that started in the lung has spread to the liver or bones.

Once cancer is diagnosed, the next step is “staging.” Staging is the process of figuring out how advanced the cancer is. It tells the doctor the size of the tumor and how far it has spread. This imaging technology is one of the most important tools for staging cancer accurately.

This information is vital for creating the best treatment plan. Based on the scan results, doctors can decide whether surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of treatments will be most effective. A precise scan allows for more targeted and successful treatment.

Sometimes, seeing a tumor on a scan is not enough. The doctor needs a small piece of the tumor tissue, called a biopsy, to be certain it is cancer and to know its exact type. The scanner can be used to guide the doctor’s needle directly to the tumor with incredible accuracy. This procedure, known as an image-guided biopsy, is much safer and less invasive than traditional surgery. This advanced use of imaging helps get a quick and accurate diagnosis.

The journey doesn’t end after treatment begins. Scans are used regularly to see how well the treatment is working. Doctors compare new images with older ones to see if the tumor is shrinking, staying the same size, or growing.

After the treatment is complete, follow-up scans are done to check for recurrence, which means to see if the cancer has come back. This regular monitoring helps catch any new growth early when it is most treatable. This follow-up care is a key part of modern cancer management, and this imaging technology plays a central role.

CT Scan with Contrast: What You Need to Know

In some cases, your doctor may order a Computed Tomography (CT) Scan “with contrast.” This might sound complicated, but it’s a common technique used to get even clearer pictures of certain parts of your body.

Contrast dye, also known as contrast material or contrast agent, is a special liquid that helps certain organs, blood vessels, or tissues stand out more clearly on the CT images. It is usually iodine-based. Depending on the type of scan, the contrast can be given in three ways:

⦿ Intravenously (IV): Injected into a vein in your arm.
⦿ Orally: Swallowed as a drink.
⦿ By Enema: Administered through the rectum.

A Computed Tomography (CT) Scan with contrast is used when the doctor needs to highlight specific areas. It is particularly useful for:

⦿ Visualizing Blood Vessels: It makes arteries and veins light up, helping to find blockages, aneurysms, or other vascular problems.

⦿ Identifying Tumors: Many tumors have a different blood supply than normal tissue, and the contrast dye makes them easier to see.

⦿ Checking for Inflammation or Infection: Areas of inflammation or infection often show up more clearly after contrast is administered.

For most people, contrast dye is perfectly safe. When injected, you might feel a warm, flushing sensation and a metallic taste in your mouth, which is normal and passes quickly.

However, there are small risks. Some people may have a mild allergic reaction, like itching or a rash. Severe allergic reactions are very rare but can happen. It is crucial to tell your doctor if you have ever had a reaction to contrast dye before, or if you have allergies to iodine or shellfish. Also, inform them if you have kidney problems, as the kidneys are responsible for filtering the dye out of your body.

How to Prepare for a CT Scan

Proper preparation is key to ensuring your Computed Tomography (CT) Scan goes smoothly and the results are accurate. Your doctor or the imaging center will give you specific instructions.

If you are having a scan with contrast, you will likely be asked not to eat or drink anything for a few hours before the test. This is called fasting. It helps prevent nausea and ensures the images of your digestive system are clear. For some scans, you might be encouraged to drink plenty of water beforehand. Always follow the instructions you are given.

It is very important that your doctor knows your complete medical history before you have a computed tomography CT scan. Be sure to tell them about:

⦿ Any allergies you have.
⦿ Any kidney disease or diabetes.
⦿ Any heart conditions.
⦿ If you are pregnant or think you might be pregnant.
⦿ Any medications you are currently taking.

Before the scan, you will confirm your details and the procedure you are having. The technician will ask you a series of safety questions. You will also be asked to sign a consent form, which confirms that you understand the procedure and its potential risks and agree to have the scan performed. This is a standard part of the process.

Interpreting CT Scan Results

After the Computed Tomography (CT) Scan is done, the next step is getting the results. This is when the images are analyzed to find answers to your health questions.

The images from your Computed Tomography (CT) Scan are not read by your regular doctor. They are sent to a specialist called a radiologist. A radiologist is a doctor who is an expert in interpreting medical images like CT scans, X-rays, and MRIs. The radiologist will carefully examine all the images and write a detailed report explaining their findings. This report is then sent to the doctor who ordered your scan.

The time it takes to get your report can vary. In an emergency situation, a radiologist may review the images and provide a preliminary report almost immediately. For routine scans, it usually takes one to two days for the official report to be completed and sent to your doctor. Your doctor’s clinic will then contact you to discuss the results.

Receiving abnormal results can be stressful, but it’s important not to panic. An “abnormal” result is simply information. Your referring doctor will schedule a follow-up appointment to explain what the findings mean in the context of your overall health. They will discuss the next steps, which could include further tests, a referral to a specialist, or a treatment plan.

This table connects the type of scan to what it helps doctors find.

Types of CT scans and common conditions they help diagnose (screen-reader caption)
Type of CT Scan	Common Conditions It Helps Diagnose
Head & Brain	Stroke, brain tumors, bleeding after injury, skull fractures, blood clots.
Chest & Lung	Pneumonia, lung cancer, pulmonary embolism (blood clot in lungs), tuberculosis, chest injuries.
Abdomen & Pelvis	Appendicitis, kidney stones, liver disease, pancreatitis, intestinal blockages, abdominal cancers.
Spine & Bone	Herniated discs (slipped disc), spinal fractures, bone tumors, spinal stenosis (narrowing of the spinal canal).
Cardiac (Heart)	Coronary artery disease (calcium scoring), aortic aneurysms, problems with heart structure.
CT Angiography	Blockages or narrowing of arteries, aneurysms (bulges) in the aorta or brain vessels.

CT Scan Risks & Safety

Safety is a top concern for any medical procedure, including a Computed Tomography (CT) Scan. While it is a very safe test, it’s good to be aware of the potential risks.

A Computed Tomography (CT) Scan uses ionizing radiation, which in very high doses can be harmful. However, the amount of radiation used in a modern CT scan is very low and carefully controlled. Doctors always follow the ALARA principle (As Low As Reasonably Achievable). The benefit of getting an accurate diagnosis almost always outweighs the small potential risk from the radiation.

Doctors are especially cautious when it comes to children and pregnant women. For children, the radiation dose is adjusted to be as low as possible based on their size. For pregnant women, a Computed Tomography (CT) Scan is generally avoided, especially for the abdomen and pelvis, unless it is absolutely necessary for the mother’s health. Other tests like ultrasound or MRI are preferred.

A Computed Tomography (CT) Scan is a powerful tool, but it is not always the right choice. It should generally be avoided in pregnant women unless the benefits are clear and significant. People with severe kidney failure may not be able to have a scan with contrast dye. Your doctor will weigh the risks and benefits before recommending the test.

Cost of CT Scan in India

The cost of a Computed Tomography (CT) Scan in India can vary a lot. Several factors influence the final price you pay.

The price depends on which part of the body is being scanned. A simple head scan will cost less than a detailed abdominal scan with contrast. Prices are also generally higher in big metro cities like Mumbai or Delhi compared to smaller towns. The computed tomography ct scanners location plays a big role in pricing.

There is a significant price difference between government hospitals and private diagnostic centers. Government hospitals offer scans at a much lower, subsidized rate, but there might be a long waiting list. Private centers are more expensive but offer faster appointments and service. The high computed tomography machine price is a major factor in the cost at private facilities.

Conclusion

The Computed Tomography (CT) Scan is a remarkable medical technology that has saved countless lives. It provides doctors with a fast, painless, and highly detailed window into the human body, helping them diagnose a wide range of conditions with incredible accuracy.

While the thought of any medical test can be a bit daunting, we hope this detailed guide has made you feel more comfortable and informed about the procedure. Remember, a Computed Tomography (CT) Scan is a safe and powerful tool used to protect your most valuable asset: your health. Always feel free to ask your doctor or the radiology technician any questions you may have. Your peace of mind is an important part of your healthcare journey.

Frequently asked questions

What is a computed tomography (CT) scan?

A CT scan is a special medical test that uses X-rays and a computer to create detailed pictures of the inside of your body. It is much more detailed than a regular X-ray, showing your organs, bones, and tissues in thin "slices." This helps doctors see things very clearly.

What is a CT scan used for?

Doctors use a CT scan to find the cause of health problems like severe pain, breathing trouble, or injuries after an accident. It is excellent for diagnosing conditions such as infections, tumours, blood clots, and internal bleeding quickly and accurately.

How does a CT scan work?

During the scan, you lie on a table that slides into a large, ring-shaped machine. The machine rotates around you, taking many X-ray pictures from different angles. A computer then combines all these pictures to create a complete 3D view of the inside of your body.

What does a CT scan show?

A CT scan shows your internal body parts in great detail. It can clearly show the size, shape, and position of your organs, bones, and blood vessels. This allows doctors to spot abnormalities like fractures, tumours, infections, or blockages very effectively.

How many times can a CT scan be safely done?

There is no strict limit on how many CT scans a person can have. Doctors only order a scan when it is absolutely necessary for your health. The benefit of getting a correct diagnosis is almost always much greater than the very small risk from radiation.

Can a CT scan detect cancer?

Yes, a CT scan can often detect tumors or abnormal growths that may be cancerous. It helps doctors locate the size and position of the tumor and see if it has spread. However, a biopsy is usually needed to confirm if the growth is truly cancer.

What are the main types of CT scans?

CT scans are usually named for the body part they examine, such as a Head CT, Chest CT, or Abdominal CT for the stomach area. There are also special types like a Cardiac CT for the heart or a CT Angiography to look at blood vessels.

What is the price of a CT scan?

In India, the price of a CT scan can range widely, from around ₹1,500 to ₹15,000. The cost depends on the city, the hospital or diagnostic centre, which body part is being scanned, and if a special contrast dye is needed for the test.

What are the risks of a CT scan?

The main risk is from the very small amount of radiation used, which is generally considered safe for adults. Some people might have a mild allergic reaction to the contrast dye if it is used. It is very important to tell your doctor if you have kidney problems or any allergies.

How should you prepare for a CT scan?

Preparation is usually simple. You may be asked to wear a hospital gown and remove all metal objects like jewellery. For some scans, especially those using contrast dye, you might need to avoid eating or drinking for 4-6 hours before the test.

Is a CT scan safe for children and pregnant women?

CT scans use a small amount of radiation, so doctors usually avoid them in pregnancy unless absolutely necessary. For children, the radiation dose is carefully adjusted to be as low as possible. Always discuss risks and benefits with your doctor before the scan.

Dr. Harsh Shah

MS, MCh (GI cancer Surgeon)

Dr Harsh Shah is a well known GI & HPB Robotic Cancer Surgeon in Ahmedabad. He treats cancers of Esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, colon, rectum & small intestines. He is available at Apollo Hospital.

Can Appendix Cancer Return After Surgery and Heated Chemotherapy?

November 21, 2025 by Dr Harsh Shah Leave a Comment

Can Appendix Cancer Return After Surgery and Heated Chemotherapy?

You are here >> Home > Latest Updates > Appendix Updates > Can Appendix…

Mucinous appendix cancer (MAC) is a rare type of cancer that can spread in the belly. Many people are treated with surgery to remove all visible cancer, followed by heated chemotherapy inside the abdomen. This is called CRS/HIPEC.

This study followed 385 people who had this treatment, some for over 7 years. The goal was to learn when cancer is most likely to come back and how often doctors should check for it.

Researchers found that the chance of the cancer returning depends on what kind of tumor a person had. There are three types:

⦿ Low-grade (LGMCP) – slower growing
⦿ High-grade (HGMCP) – faster growing
⦿ Signet-ring cell (SRC) – most aggressive

Recurrence was most likely during the first 16 months after treatment. For people with high-grade or signet-ring tumors, the risk stayed higher for longer.

Based on this, the best check-up schedule depends on your tumor type:

⦿ People with low-grade cancer should be checked every 5 to 8 months for the first 4 years, and then every 1.5 years.

⦿ People with high-grade tumors need more frequent checks—every 2 to 4 months in the first years, then every 2 years after 4 years.

Knowing when to watch closely can help catch cancer early if it comes back. Talk to your doctor about the right follow-up plan for you.

DOI: 10.1245/s10434-025-18203-x

How AI Is Helping Predict Treatment Success in Liver Cancer Patients

November 18, 2025 by Dr Harsh Shah Leave a Comment

How AI Is Helping Predict Treatment Success in Liver Cancer Patients

You are here >> Home > Latest Updates > Liver Disease Updates > How AI…

People with advanced liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma, or HCC) are often treated with a combination of two medicines: atezolizumab and bevacizumab. These are part of a group called immunotherapy. But only some patients respond well. This study looked at a new way to predict who might benefit most—using computer analysis of CT scans.

Researchers reviewed CT scans from 152 patients before they started treatment. They used artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning to measure tiny patterns in the liver that can’t be seen by the human eye. These patterns are called radiomics.

When combined with regular medical data, this new method did better than traditional cancer staging tools. It was able to predict how long patients might live and how likely they were to respond to treatment.

Patients placed in the “low-risk” group by the AI model lived much longer—around 28 months compared to just 5 to 6 months in the “high-risk” group. They also responded better to immunotherapy.

This approach may help doctors choose the right treatment for each person before starting. That could save time, avoid side effects, and improve outcomes.

This research shows how computer tools are being used to make cancer care more personal and precise.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2025.04.017

Why Acid Reflux Is Common After Esophagectomy: What Saliva Tests Reveal

November 15, 2025 by Dr Harsh Shah Leave a Comment

Why Acid Reflux Is Common After Esophagectomy: What Saliva Tests Reveal

You are here >> Home > Latest Updates > GERD Updates > Why Acid…

Many people who have surgery for esophageal cancer experience reflux afterward. This study looked at a new way to measure reflux using a simple saliva test. The goal was to better understand when reflux happens and what can help reduce it.

Over 200 patients were followed for six months after surgery. They gave saliva samples before surgery and at different times after surgery. These samples were tested for pepsin, a substance that shows if stomach acid is coming up into the throat.

Reflux got worse during the first month after surgery, then slowly got better. People who had high pepsin levels before surgery continued to have more reflux, even after surgery.

The study found two helpful habits that reduced reflux:

⦿ Sleeping with your upper body raised (semi-Fowler position)

⦿ Not eating for at least two hours before going to bed

People who did these things regularly had lower reflux levels. On the other hand, if the new stomach tube created during surgery was too long or loose (called “redundancy of conduit”), reflux was worse.

This saliva test helped doctors see which patients had more acid going into their throat. More importantly, it showed that small lifestyle changes can help reduce reflux symptoms.

If you’ve had surgery for esophageal cancer and are struggling with reflux, try raising your upper body while resting and avoid eating close to bedtime. These simple changes can make a big difference.

DOI: 10.1245/s10434-025-18174-z

Dr Harsh Shah

How Long Should Immunotherapy Be Stopped Before Liver Transplant?

Understanding Colorectal Cancer Risk in People With Ulcerative Colitis

CT Scan (Computed Tomography Scan)

Uses, Risks & Benefits

Summary

What Is a CT Scan?

Types of CT Scans

When Is a CT Scan Recommended?

CT Scan Procedure: What to Expect

Role of Advanced Imaging in Cancer Detection

CT Scan with Contrast: What You Need to Know

How to Prepare for a CT Scan

Interpreting CT Scan Results

CT Scan Risks & Safety

Cost of CT Scan in India

Conclusion

Frequently asked questions

Dr. Harsh Shah

Can Appendix Cancer Return After Surgery and Heated Chemotherapy?

How AI Is Helping Predict Treatment Success in Liver Cancer Patients

Why Acid Reflux Is Common After Esophagectomy: What Saliva Tests Reveal

Our Partners

Contact us

Email

Request a call back

Legal & Privacy

Shah’s Gastro, Cancer & Robotic Surgery Centre

Apollo Hospital International Limited